Open Design + Fab Lab

09 Gennaio 2014

01. From Design for the users to Design with the users

02. Open (Source)... everything

03. Open Design: what is it?

04. Open (Design): IP

01. From Design for the users to Design with the users

Traditional view of design

Source: http://www.alessi.com/it/prodotti/dettaglio/psjs-juicy-salif-spremiagrumi

Limitations...

Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black.

Henry Ford

Source: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

Approaches...

1. Design-driven
2. Marketing (market pull)
3. Technology (technology push)
4. Mass-customization
5. ...
6. Human-centered Design

Human-centered Design

an approach to systems design and development that aims to make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the use of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics and usability knowledge and techniques

Source: ISO 9241-210

ISO 9241-210: Abstract

ISO 9241-210:2010 provides requirements and recommendations for human-centred design principles and activities throughout the life cycle of computer-based interactive systems. It is intended to be used by those managing design processes, and is concerned with ways in which both hardware and software components of interactive systems can enhance human–system interaction.

Source: ISO 9241-210

ISO 9241-210: Recommendations

• The adoption of multidisciplinary skills and perspectives
• Explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments
• User-centred evaluation driven/refined design
• Consideration of the whole user experience
• Involvement of users throughout design and development

Source: ISO 9241-210

Roots: Human-computer Interaction

Human–computer interaction (HCI) involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction

Roots: Human-computer Interaction

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Engelbart

... to a Kit for NGO

Source: http://www.ideo.com/work/human-centered-design-toolkit/

... to an online platform

Source: http://www.hcdconnect.org/

... to a no-profit initiative

Source: http://www.ideo.org/

Roots: Participatory Design

Participatory design (known before as cooperative design) is an approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process in order to help ensure the product designed meets their needs and is usable.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_design

User-centered Design

User-centered design (UCD) is an approach to design that grounds the process in information about the people who will use the product. UCD processes focus on users through the planning, design and development of a product.

Usability Professionals' Association

Source: http://www.usabilityprofessionals.org/usability_resources/about_usability/what_is_ucd.html

User-centered Design: The design process from ISO-13407

Source: http://www.wqusability.com/articles/language-usability-tekom-proceedings.html

User-centered Design: models

design model vs. user model

as understood by designers vs. as understood by users

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-centered Design: Usability

• easiness of learning
• efficiency of the user
• easiness of memorizing
• few errors
• user satisfaction

Source: Mack, R. L., & Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability inspection methods. Wiley & Sons.

User-centered Design: Cognitive Psychology

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Cognitive Psychology: affordances

• Give visibility of all the functional parts
• Give a good mapping between command and result
• Give affordances and constraints
• Give feedback
• Give a good conceptual model
• Simplify tasks

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

Cognitive Psychology: affordances

Source: Norman, D. A. (2013). Design of everyday things. [S.l.]: Basic Books.

User-centered design: an updated recap

Source: Ritter, F. E., Baxter, G. D., & Churchill, E. F. (2014). Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems: What System Designers Need to Know about People (2014 edition.). New York: Springer.

User-experience Design

Experience Design focuses on the need of designing the quality and the esthetics of the experiences that people live while interacting with an artifact, wether material or immaterial, physical or cognitive, putting on the first level the concept of user experience.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design

Two possible interpretations:

1. experience design
2. design based on the experience

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design: approaches

• people-centered approaches: studying the individual experience
• product-centered approaches: studying the features of products that generate experience
• interaction-centered approaches: studying the interactions between people and artifacts

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

User-experience Design: Emotions

Source: Norman, D. A. (2004). Emotional design why we love (or hate) everyday things. New York: Basic Books.

Emotions: how?

Source: http://www.themindensemble.com/tag/mind-processing-chair-emotiv-epoc-anton-rhino/

User-experience Design: the role

Experience Design does not aim at understanding how products enter effectively into people's activities. This was the aim of UCD [...] UED tries to understand the deep meaning of how artifacts enter reflexively in relations with the users, of how people understand themselves in relation to the artifacts. Experience Design aims at an empathic understanding of the user [...] [the designer is] an interpreter. The role of an interpreter is to mediate the user experience inside a design process.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Experience Design: Experience Economy

Source: Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy work is theatre & every business a stage. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Co-Design

Co-design is defined as a form of collaboration aiming at design [...] It is a methodology for the designing with the users and not necessarily for the users.

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

The landscape of human-centered design

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

Co-Design @ the Fuzzy Front End

The goal of the explorations in the front end is to determine what is to be designed and sometimes what should not be designed and manufactured.

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

The limits of user-centered design

But it is now becoming apparent that the user-centered design approach cannot address the scale or the complexity of the challenges we face today. We are no longer simply designing products for users. We are designing for the future experiences of people, communities and cultures who now are connected and informed in ways that were unimaginable even 10 years ago.

Source: Sanders, E., & Stappers, P. J. (2008). Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. CoDesign, 4(1), 5–18. doi:10.1080/15710880701875068

Co-Design: change of role for designers

• User-centered Design: users are passive participants to be studied
• User-experience Design: users are experts of their experience, can then generate concepts, but designers will develop them in artifacts
• Co-Design: users as co-creator, designers as facilitators a nd researchers

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Probes: a toolkit

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabinet/170415960/

Probes: to gather information

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cabinet/170416014/

Mattelmäki: "Probes"

Source: Mattelmäki, T. (2006). Design probes. Retrieved from https://www.taik.fi/kirjakauppa/product_info.php?products_id=28

Co-Design: Workshop

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/93570163@N02/9204754137/

User-centered Design, User Experience Design, Co-Design

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

Prototypes for User-centered Design, User Experience Design, Co-Design

Source: Rizzo, F. (2009). Strategie di co-design : teorie, metodi e strumenti per progettare con gli utenti. Milano: F. Angeli.

02. Open (Source)... everything

von Hippel: "The sources of innovation"

Source: Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/sources.htm

von Hippel: "Democratizing Innovation"

Source: Von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm

Lead Users: Skateboard

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_B_(3598746031).jpg

Lead Users: Mountain Bike

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devinci_bike.JPG

Chesbrough: "Open Innovation"

Source: Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.

Open Innovation: the concept

Source: http://www.crowdsourcing.org/editorial/open-innovation-creating-through-community-creation/16499

Open Innovation: Innocentive

Source: http://www.innocentive.com/

Open Innovation: Edra

Source: http://www.edra.com/prodotto.php?id=2

Open Source: what is it?

A (software) project published with a license that facilitates its access + modifying + sharing in a collaborative way.

A (software) project developed collaboratively by a community, based not on hierarchy but on reputation.

Open Source: what is it?

Source Code (human readable)

-->

Binary Code (machine readable)

Source Code

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nyoin/3342043239/

Binary Code

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/exlibris/2997090116/

Back to history: Mainframes

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer

Back to history: Proprietary Software

Source: http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19840416,00.html

RMS Stallman

Source: http://stallman.org/

GNU: "Gnu's Not Unix"

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU

Stallman: Free Software Definition

“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them.

RMS Stallman

Source: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Stallman: The Four Freedoms

1. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
2. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
4. The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

Source: http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Free Software Foundation

Source: http://www.fsf.org/

Stallman: "Free Software Free Society"

Source: Richard Stallman. (2010). Free Software, Free Society - Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition. GNU Press. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/FreeSoftwareFreeSociety-SelectedEssaysOfRichardM.Stallman2nd

Linus Torvalds

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

GNU/Linux

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

GNU/Linux: Ubuntu

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)

Raymond: "The Cathedral and the Bazaar"

Source: Raymond, E. S. (2001). The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Revised.). O’Reilly Media. Retrieved from http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/

Open Source Initiative

Source: http://opensource.org/

The Open Source Definition

Source: http://opensource.org/osd

Open Source: LAMP Stack

Source: http://opensource.org/osd

Open Source Design software: Gimp

Source: http://www.gimp.org/

Open Source Design software: Inkscape

Source: http://www.inkscape.org/

Open Source Design software: Blender

Source: http://www.blender.org/

Open Source Design software: Scribus

Source: http://www.scribus.net/

Open Source and Co-Design

• Democratization of access, not necessarily of design
• By professionals, for professionals: Knowledge intensive
• Yes, if there are designers... but relationships should be redefined
• ...

Open Source vs. Open Innovation

“Open innovation is sometimes confated with open source methodologies for software development. There are some concepts that are shared between the two, such as the idea of greater external sources of information to create value. However, open innovation explicitly incorporates the business model as the source of both value creation and value capture. This latter role of the business model enables the organization to sustain its position in the industry value chain over time. While open source shares the focus on value creation throughout an industry value chain, its proponents usually deny or downplay the importance of value capture.”

Source: Chesbrough, H. (2011). Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Lunch time! Questions?

See you at 14:00

03. Open Design: what is it?

Web 2.0

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)+
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html

Web 2.0 + Design

Source: http://www.coroflot.com/heo/FOOTWEAR-RUNNING

Peer-to-Peer

Source: http://home.comcast.net/~gregory.bray/

Peer-to-Peer + Design

Source: http://www.kiva.org/lend/333427

Crowdsourcing

Source: http://www.innocentive.com/

Crowdsourcing + Design

Source: http://www.crowdspring.com/

Mobile: Single user designing, no collaboration

Source: http://www.mshape.com/

Mobile: Smart Mobs, Ubiquitous Computing

Source: http://grail.cs.washington.edu/rome/

Hybrid models: OpenIDEO

Source: http://www.openideo.com/

Open Source Everywhere

Software is just the beginning … open source is doing for mass innovation what the assembly line did for mass production. Get ready for the era when collaboration replaces the corporation.

Source: Goetz, T. (2003, November). Open Source Everywhere. Wired, 11(11). Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/opensource.html

Open Drink

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Beer+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCola_(drink)

Open Biotechnology

Source: http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/home.html

Open Hardware Definition

Source: http://freedomdefined.org/OSHW

Open Hardware Definition Logo

Source: http://oshwlogo.com/

Open Source: what is it?

A (software) project published with a license that facilitates its access + modifying + sharing in a collaborative way.

A (software) project developed collaboratively by a community, based not on hierarchy but on reputation.

Open Source + P2P + Design: possible directions

1. Adoption of open source and p2p principles, practices and organizational forms inside the design discipline: Open Design
2. Use of design knowledge, tools and practices for replicating open source and peer-to-peer initiatives: Open Metadesign - Open P2P Design

Open Design: what is it?

A design a project published with a license that facilitates its sharing and that can be “compiled” or “manufactured” locally.

Open Design refers to every kind of design projects that can be shared in a digital format over a network.

Open Design: what is it?

• sharing
• collaboration
• open licenses (?)
• source code --> artifact

Open Design Definition, from 2000

Source: http://www.opendesign.org/odd.html

Open Design Working Group

Source: http://design.okfn.org/

Open Design Working Group; Mailing List

Source: http://lists.okfn.org/mailman/listinfo/opendesign

Open Design Working Group: Mailing List Archive

Source: http://lists.okfn.org/pipermail/opendesign/

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Open Design: Product Design - Thinkcycle

Source: Sawhney, N. (2003). Cooperative innovation in the commons: rethinking distributed collaboration and intellectual property for sustainable design innovation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/61861

Open Design: Product Design - Ronen Kadushin

Source: http://www.ronen-kadushin.com/index.php/open-design/

Open Design: Open Design / Open Hardware - RepRap

Source: http://reprap.org/

Open Design: Typographic Design - Gentium

Source: http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=Gentium

Open Design: Fashion Design - OpenWear

Source: http://www.openwear.org/

Open Design: Architectural Design - Open Architecture Network

Source: http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/

Open Design: Architectural Design - OSBA @ MIT

Source: Kovidvisith, K. (2007). Open source building alliance ecology : the Internet framework for consumer driven participative design (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved from http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/39313

Open Design: Architectural Design - WikiHouse

Source: http://www.wikihouse.cc/

Open Design Competitions: Unlimited Design / Open Design Contest

Source: http://opendesigncontest.org/

Open Design Competitions: Autoprogettazione 2.0 @ Domus

Source: http://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2012/04/11/autoprogettazione-2-0-on-display.html

A completely open product: Open Design, Hardware, Software: OpenMoko

Source: http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Main_Page

A completely open product: Open Design, Hardware, Software: OpenMoko

Source: http://wiki.openmoko.org/wiki/Main_Page

A completely open product: Open Design, Hardware, Software: BugLabs

Source: http://buglabs.net/

A completely open product: Open Design, Hardware, Software: BugLabs

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bug_labs/3092893819/

A completely open product: Open Design, Hardware, Software: BugLabs

Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bug_labs/3093735150/

BugLabs + Ford

Source: http://openxcplatform.com/

First global company to adopt Open Design: Nokia

Source: http://www.openp2pdesign.org/2013/open-design/first-global-company-to-embrace-open-design/

Open Design: becoming mainstream

Source: http://craphound.com/makers/download/

Open Design: becoming mainstream

Source: http://opendesignnow.org/

Open Design: becoming mainstream

Source: http://www.droog.com/news/category/design-for-download-2/

Open Design: becoming mainstream

Source: http://www.instructables.com/community/Instructables-Joins-Autodesk/

Open Design: becoming mainstream

Source: http://www.123dapp.com/create

Sea Chair: Open Design as process

Source: http://seachair.com/2012/04/09/sea-plastic/

Sea Chair: Open Design as process

Source: http://www.studioswine.com/sea-chair-open-source

Sea Chair: Open Design as documentation

Open Source Sea Chair from Studio Swine on Vimeo.

Source: http://www.studioswine.com/sea-chair-open-source

The current status of Open Design

• single persons or small groups design a project and then just publish it online
• lack of new tools, processes, systems that enable designers and users in developing open design projects

• where is the collaboration?
• where are the open processes?
• where are the communities?

The current status of Open Design

Source: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html

The experience of a user of Open Source software

Source: http://sourceforge.net/

… the big picture of Open Source: the process

Source: http://www.michaelogawa.com/research/storylines/

A more systemic definition of Open Design (1)

A collaborative distributed system of design & manufacturing based on:

• sharing
• collaboration
• open licenses ?
• open and distributed manufacturing technologies

A more systemic definition of Open Design (2)

A system of agents that:

• use
• design
• manufacture
• distribute
• manage the end of life
• ...

Open and P2P services: Getaround

Source: http://www.getaround.com/

Open and P2P services: AirBnB

Source: https://www.airbnb.com/

Open and P2P services: Collaborative Consumption

Source: Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. HarperCollins e-books.

Towards Activity-centered Design

HCD asserts as a basic tenet that technology adapts to the person. In ACD, we admit that much of human behavior can be thought of as an adaptation to the powers and limitations of technology.[...] People do adapt to technology. It changes social and family structure. It changes our lives. Activity-Centered Design not only understands this, but might very well exploit it.

Source: Norman, D. A. (2005). Human-centered design considered harmful. interactions, 12(4), 14–19. doi:10.1145/1070960.1070976 Retrieved from http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/human-centered_desig.html

Activity Theory: Activity System

Source: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 -7

Activity Theory: Activity System

Source: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7

Activity Design

• design of a collaborative activity
• meta-design of a collaborative design process
• open p2p design: collaborative meta-design + design of a collaborative activity

Meta-design

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Meta-design: flows #20

Source: http://workshop.openp2pdesign.org/02singapore09/

Meta-design: flows #21

Source: http://workshop.openp2pdesign.org/02singapore09/

Meta-design: current research #data

Source: http://openmetadesign.org/

Meta-design: current research #viz

Source: http://openmetadesign.org/

04. Open (Design): IP

Piracy and Design

Source: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/01/02/zaha-hadid-building-pirated-in-china/

Close to the Napster case of 3D Printing

Source: http://thepiratebay.se/browse/605

Digital Rights Management (DRM) and Design

Source: https://torrentfreak.com/3d-printer-drm-patent-to-stop-people-downloading-a-car-121012/

Digital Fabrication and Copying

Source: http://www.sculpteo.com/en/app/

Digital Fabrication and Copying

Source: http://living.corriere.it/catalogo/prodotti/Campeggi/Santapouf.shtml

Digital Fabrication and Copying

Source: http://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/8263457

Digital Fabrication and Copying

Source: http://twitpic.com/7t9879

Fashion Design and Copying

Source: http://www.crocs.com/crocs-crocband-arkansas-clog/15164,default,pd.html?cid=610&cgid=men-footwear-clogs

Fashion Design and Copying

Source: http://www.refinedhype.com/hyped/entry/adidas-beachstar-sandal

Fashion Design and Copying

Source: http://www.adidas.fi/Men%27s-Duramo-Clog-Slides/G62583_640,fi_FI,pd.html

Copyright

Copyright essentially attaches to every original creative work that is fixed in a tangible medium. This includes most things that are written, drawn, or designed. However, the copyright only protects the actual writing, drawing, or design itself, not the idea that it expresses.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Copyright

• the right to copy (the rights to let or stop copying)
• the author's rights (the rights to be credited)

Ex/No Copyright: Public Domain

Works in the public domain are those whose intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. [...] The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission". [...] Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

Ex/No Copyright: Public Domain

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botticelli

Patent

Patent protection is not granted automatically. An inventor must apply for a patent on her invention at the Patent and Trademark Offce (PTO). The invention must be new, useful, and non-obvious. In making the application, the inventor must disclose information that would allow others to practice the invention. Finally, patent protection is significantly shorter in duration than copyright protection.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Patent

Once an object has been patented, all copies, regardless of the copier’s knowledge of the patent, infringe upon that patent. Simply stated, if you are using a 3D printer to reproduce a patented object, you are infringing on the patent.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Patent

Source: https://www.google.com/patents/US8419996?dq=fused+deposition+modeling&hl=it&sa=X&ei=f3mMUsr2O4eS7Abd-4DADQ&ved=0CFYQ6AEwAw

Copyright, Patent and originality ...

When a child in Seattle writes an ode to his pet dog, that work is protected by copyright. If, two years later, another child in Atlanta writes an identical ode to her pet dog (unaware of the frst ode), the second work is also protected by copyright. This is possible because copyright allows for independent creation, even if the same work was independently created twice (or even more than twice). While a work must be original in order to receive copyright protection, the work does not need to be unique in the world.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Copyright, Patent and originality ...

However, and relevantly for reproducing 3D objects, patent law does have a novelty requirement. Patent law does not allow for parallel creation. Once an invention is patented every unauthorized reproduction of that invention is an infringement, whether the reproducer is aware of the original invention or not.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Watch out when you enter this game...

Source: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/08/s-korea-court-rules-damages/

Trademark ...

Trademark developed as a way to protect consumers, giving them confdence that a product marked with a manufacturer’s symbol was actually made and backed by that manufacturer. As a result, trademark is not designed to protect intellectual property per se. Intellectual property protection is instead a side effect of needing to protect the integrity of the mark.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Trademark ...

Because trademark protection is specifcally geared towards preventing consumer confusion in the marketplace, trademark infringement is described in terms of “use in commerce.” Unlike patent or copyright, it is not copying a trademark that creates a trademark violation. Instead, it is using that trademark in commerce (thus potentially confusing a consumer as to the origin of the product) that results in a violation.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Trademark ...

A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:

• ™ (the "trademark symbol", which is the letters "TM", for an unregistered trademark, a mark used to promote or brand goods)
• ℠ (which is the letters "SM" in superscript, for an unregistered service mark, a mark used to promote or brand services)
• ® (the letter "R" surrounded by a circle, for a registered trademark)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark

Trademark

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark

Trademark

Source: http://arduino.cc/en/Trademark/HomePage?from=Main.Trademark

Trade Dress

Trademark protection can extend beyond a logo affxed to a product to include the design of the product itself. However, in order to extend protection to product design, courts have required that trade dress acquire a distinct association with a specifc manufacturer. Acquiring this type of distinctiveness takes time, and must be proven by survey results or some other proof of association in the eyes of the general public. As a result most product designs, even unique designs intended “to render the product more useful or more appealing,” will not be protected as trade dress.

Source: http://www.publicknowledge.org/it-will-be-awesome-if-they-dont-screw-it-up

Trade Dress

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_cola

Be careful: every country has its laws...

Source: http://www.voga.com/still-legal/

Creative Commons: licensing the sharing

Source: http://creativecommons.org/

Creative Commons: review conditions

Creative Commons: review conditions

Creative Commons: not all are open source

• Non commercial: restriction on distribution
• Non derivative: restriction on modification

Creative Commons: choose a license

Source: http://creativecommons.org/choose/

Creative Commons: Public Domain

• CC0: for new projects into Public Domain (not approved as OSI)
• Public Domain: for existing projects in Public Domain

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC_Zero

Design: even more complicated

Source: Margoni, T. (2013). Not for Designers: On the Inadequacies of EU Design Law and How to Fix It (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2361682). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2361682

Design: Maybe with CC+

Source: https://wiki.creativecommons.org/CCPlus

Open Design Definition, from 2012 - ...

Source: https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition

Thank you!

Massimo Menichinelli / info@openp2pdesign.org / @openp2pdesign